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ELIZA — A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine
Full title: "ELIZA — A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine"
ELIZA is a program operating within the MAC time-sharing system at MIT which makes certain kinds of natural language conversation between man and computer possible. Input sentences are analyzed on the basis of decomposition rules which are triggered by key words appearing in the input text. Responses are generated by reassembly rules associated with selected decomposition rules. The fundamental technical problems with which ELIZA is concerned are: (1) the identification of key words, (2) the discovery of minimal context, (3) the choice of appropriate transformations, (4) generation of responses in the absence of key words, and (5) the provision of an editing capability for ELIZA "scripts". A discussion of some psychological issues relevant to the ELIZA approach as well as of future developments concludes the paper.
(Source: Author's abstract)
Scott Rettberg - 20.05.2011 - 10:51
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Pixelated Drama
A discussion of the emerging pixel aesthetic in the late 90s, through a meditation on the Pixelvision 2000, Kasparov versus Deep Blue, and analog video art aesthetics.
Joe Milutis - 20.01.2012 - 22:53
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Think Again: Artificial Intelligence, Television, and Video
Discussion of how "thought" is visualized in television, computers, and video art. The importance of the proliferation of new forms of inhuman visuality and artificial intelligence to new electronic art.
Joe Milutis - 21.01.2012 - 02:48
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Game-Based Digitally Mediated Narrative Construction
There are various ways of constructing a short story or a novel ranging from detailed planning of characters, back story, and plot before beginning to write to fluid writing. Somewhere in the middle, but near fluid writing, is the approach taken by the late television writer Sydney Sheldon who visualized the flow of the story and narrated what he saw and heard to a secretary. The paper surveys practices in narrative construction both current and speculative, such as a possible future use of advanced functional brain imaging, but emphasizes a particular game-based approach currently being attempted in a pilot project. At the Virtual Environments Lab researchers are developing a system that generates a text based on game play. The game has two purposes: entertainment for the player and generation of a work of fiction that describes the experiences of the player. Many of the characters and situations come from Through the Looking Glass. The player character, as Alice, explores an 8x8 grid and interacts with non player characters. The NPCs ask questions, and the PC gives free response answers. The PC can also ask the NPCs questions.
Audun Andreassen - 10.04.2013 - 13:09
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Machine Subjectivity, Politics and Digital Arts
Although human interaction with technological artifacts often involves treating them as if they are alive, the dominant discourse in our society portrays technology as the instrument of its human master. In the context of computing, our desire of absolute control over machines manifests itself both as the human computer interaction (HCI) community’s emphasis on “usability” and as popular culture’s apocalyptic imagination of the out-of-control artificial intelligence (AI) systems trying to eliminate humanity. It is revealing that, for instance, the word “robot” comes from “slave” in Czech. This paper examines the social and aesthetic limitations of this narrow instrumental view of technology. It proposes an alternative interaction model based on machine subjectivity, that is, constructing and perceiving computer systems as an independent entity in its own right.
Audun Andreassen - 10.04.2013 - 13:42
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Chatterbots
A short history of chatterbots (or chatbots), which includes information about artificial intelligence, the chatbot ELIZA and the relative PARRY,
Daniela Ørvik - 29.04.2015 - 14:35
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A Preliminary Poetics
The builder of Façade, an “interactive story world,” Michael Mateas offers both a poetics and a neo-Aristotelian project (for interactive drama and games).
Andre Lund - 26.09.2017 - 13:15
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Aurature at the End(s) of Electronic Literature
Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Microsoft’s Cortana, and Google Now: How will our encounters with these intelligent personal assistants - robots we’ve invited into our homes to speak with and listen to us, who share this data with vectorialist institutions that monitor our networked transactions - alter both human language and our efforts to lead meaningful lives? In a wide-ranging, philosophical essay that exposes various myths of computation while presenting a candid assessment of the rapidly evolving culture of reading, poet John Cayley speculates that literature will be displaced by aurature. Listen up, readers: A major challenge in the programming era will be to develop linguistic aesthetic practices that intervene significantly and affectively in socio-ideological spaces thoroughly saturated with synthetic language that are largely controlled by commercial interests. The time for aesthetic experiments that disrupt the protocols of a still-nascent aurature is now.
Mona Pihlamäe - 10.10.2017 - 13:34
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The reading abyss: narrative in times of Artificial Intelligence
If orality constructed the myth and the listener, and the press produced the novel and the interpreter, this paper aims to discuss how digital tools based on the properties of Artificial Intelligence combined with narrative strategies will form simulations and transform the reader into a co-author.
I do not believe that the narrative of linear reading is going to disappear or that the book on paper is in the process of extinction, I believe that digital support, and sociocultural changes that entails, can lead to the formation of new literary genres and new creative and reading processes.
Jana Jankovska - 26.09.2018 - 12:36
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The ‘Thinking’ Machine
An essay by Christopher Strachey about his love letter generator M.U.C. and the question of whether computers will ever be able to think for themselves.
Ana Castello - 02.10.2018 - 22:01
